How engineering can help reimagine the US public health system, according to an engineer and management expert
AP Photo/Paul Sancya, Pool
- The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified the need for a comprehensive revamp of the US public health system.
- Woodrow W. Winchester III, an engineer and management expert, says engineers can help solve current nationwide problems.
- He says engineers can offer technical and holistic understanding to design more inclusive, community-led health practices.
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Of the many things that COVID-19 has made abundantly clear to us, surely one of them is a newfound realization that public health has become increasingly complex. Understanding the challenges to public health - that is, the task of guarding the well-being of the US population - is essential now more than ever.
As an engineer, design futurist, and graduate program director, I have seen how COVID-19 has transformed how public health preparedness is viewed and understood. Some say the pandemic has delivered an urgency for a reimagining of public health.
From problems in producing PPE that demonstrate the vulnerabilities in critical supply chains to solutions in vaccine distribution challenges that leverage innovative public-private partnerships, new perspectives and approaches to public health are necessary.
A way to accomplish this: using healthcare engineering, or more specifically, the application of systems engineering in health care. Systems engineering is defined as an interdisciplinary approach and means to enable the realization of successful systems. These could include such complex systems as aircraft and spacecraft systems. Already, this concept is flourishing. Research centers throughout the US, including those at the Mayo Clinic and Northeastern University's Healthcare Systems Engineering, suggest challenges such as patient safety could be made better by applying systems engineering principles and techniques through more holistic and human-centered approaches to systems design.
These efforts have proven helpful to health care delivery in response to COVID-19. But more is required, particularly in the use of systems engineering in informing public health responses and interventions. A field of public health systems engineering is needed.
Its intent: to develop and apply systemic and integrated approaches to understanding and solving public health problems. Formalizing a field of public health systems engineering - focused on healthcare at the population level - offers the needed research and educational pathways to advance this work.
The systems engineering imperative
Examples of this include designing and developing personal protective equipment, repairing the vulnerabilities in the food supply chain, and grappling with vaccine logistics. COVID-19 has made clear the growing interconnected, interdisciplinary, and multifaceted nature of public health's future. In partnering with public health, systems engineering can mature mindsets (systems thinking) and practices that can aid in meeting this future.
Illustrating this notion are efforts by Pinar Keskinocak, the cofounder and director of the Center for Health and Humanitarian Systems at Georgia Institute of Technology, and her colleagues. In a recent interview, Keskinocak said: "Whenever there is a complex problem, it needs serious analysis or technology and that's where an engineer comes in. This is exactly the situation now, very complex, dynamic, and uncertain. It's difficult to understand what's going on or make decisions just by sitting around a table and discussing. We need expertise in engineering."
And it's not just technical or technological concerns. Human systems integration or human factors considerations are equally central in systems engineering approaches. For example, building trust with Black Americans is vital to the success of contact tracing. Public health systems engineering could advance efforts to develop more equitable practices that could improve Black participation. An example is works that further the development of requirements elicitation techniques such as storytelling that provide a more comprehensive understanding of users and their context of use. These more inclusive practices would consider historical context and support more community-led public health design engagements.
A 'test we cannot fail'
COVID-19 has often been called a stress test for public health. COVID-19 will not be our last or worst pandemic; our emerging understanding of the public health implications of climate change further spotlights this growing need. "What is true for COVID is true for climate change," said a recent Scientific American opinion piece. "We're not prepared. Part of the gap is a knowledge gap: We haven't done the needed research, and we lack critical information."
As the future of public health is likely to become increasingly digital, the technical understanding and holistic approach offered by systems engineering will begin to fill this critical public health knowledge gap. Fortunately, efforts are emerging in meeting these needs. Emory University's Health DesignED, the Design Institute for Health at the Dell Medical School, Vanderbilt's Medical Innovators Development Program, and recent initiatives such as those at Johns Hopkins are examples. The time is ripe for evolving the field of public health systems engineering. It is something the US public health system desperately needs.
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