Saturday, November 29, 2025

I plan parties for celebrities like Ariana Grande and Nick Jonas. A-listers love holograms and hyper-local cuisine.

Celebrity event planner Ed Perotti
Celebrity event planner Ed Perotti told Business Insider about his career trajectory and the trends his clients can't live without.
  • Edward Perotti is a celebrity event planner with clients including Ariana Grande and Nick Jonas.
  • He got his start planning events after being laid off — now he refuses jobs he doesn't want to do.
  • He told Business Insider the top trends among A-listers include holograms and hyper-local cuisine.

I fell into event planning by accident — tripped and landed in the mud, really.

Three decades later, I'm still dusting myself off and loving it.

Back then, I was working for one of the early online-publishing companies. When they acquired another firm in Cleveland, they shut down the California division, and I suddenly found myself unemployed, newly married, first child on the way, and panicking.

A friend, the director of catering at a hotel, listened to me whine and said, "My catering manager just quit. Come work with me."

I laughed. "What do I know about catering?"

She said, "I can teach you food. I can't teach you contracts or people."

Needing a paycheck, I said yes. Within six months, I learned that brides, their mothers, and chefs were a volatile mix — and that I was not built to referee that trio. But I loved hospitality, so I moved into hotel sales. That job introduced me to professional event planners. I had no idea the industry even existed.

From theater kid to event producer

I spent my childhood in the theater — acting, stage managing, and building sets. Event planning turned out to be a new version of that: someone gives me a script, I cast it, design the set, direct the lighting, and make sure the audience feels something.

That realization changed everything. Once I joined the planning side, my career just exploded.

Over time, I've worked with high-profile companies and private clients like Ariana Grande and Nick Jonas.

At this stage of my career, I say no more often than I say yes. I choose clients who share my ethics and understand that my job isn't to be a servant but to be of service. You hire me for my expertise and unique perspective. If you're looking for someone to agree with everything, I'm not the right person.

My team jokes that I'm the love child of Martha Stewart and Anthony Bourdain: I can make things exquisitely beautiful and on brand — but I'll walk out if a client crosses a line. I have opinions. I'm direct. But that's why people trust me.

I run my pricing like a law or architecture firm: you pay for my intellectual property and my team's time. Everything else is a pass-through cost.

If we rent furniture or hire a caterer, you'll see the exact costs. I'd rather a client sign vendor contracts directly than suspect hidden profit margins. My reputation is all I have.

Could I charge six figures for every event? Sure — and sometimes the numbers get there. But I can't hand someone a million-dollar invoice with a straight face unless the value is real.

I also push clients to incorporate community give-backs into their celebrations. If you're spending that much money, something good should ripple out from it.

What's in — and what's tired

If you describe an event you saw on "Page Six," I'll stop you mid-sentence. That was someone else's idea, for someone else's story. Let's find out what moved you and build from there.

Please, no more white-marble bars and faux-mid-century "modern" décor. We had a golden opportunity during the COVID-19 pandemic to reinvent how people gather, but most of the industry reverted to the same old formula: long tables, centerpieces, and predictable menus.

The trend I love most is local, local, local — sourcing food, wine, and design elements from wherever we're hosting the event. If you're in Montana, give guests trout, not imported fish. If you're in Paris, let them taste real French cuisine. People remember authenticity, not sameness.

I'm also obsessed with weaving technology into live experiences without losing humanity. We've used holographic greeters that interact with guests, and we can now beam in a keynote speaker from another continent as a life-size hologram onstage. It's the theater kid in me, still staging illusions that make people feel wonder.

Wellness is another growing focus, but I don't treat it as a side station. It's part of the event's DNA. Perhaps that means a zero-proof bar alongside the cocktail bar or quiet areas where guests can unwind and decompress. Inclusivity matters: no one should feel singled out for drinking — or for not drinking.

The real luxury

For me, luxury isn't excess — it's intention. It's creating moments that feel personal, ethical, and rooted in place.

I'm comfortable financially, and my business supports my family—including my youngest son, who's autistic and will always need care. That's what drives me: building something sustainable enough that he'll be secure when I'm gone.

I don't need a sports car. What I love is hopping on a plane to Paris with my family, sitting in a café, and knowing that my work lets me do that.

After all these years, I'm still in the theater — just with a bigger budget and a better audience.

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10 companies that bounced back after bankruptcy

A corporate logo for a Hooters restaurant hangs on the wall of a building on April 1, 2025, in Lakeland, Florida.
Hooters is once again owned by its founders after going through bankruptcy.
  • Chapter 11 protections allow companies to reorganize debts in order to become profitable again.
  • Companies like Hooters, Marvel, Converse, and GM have used the process to come back stronger.
  • Here are 10 household name brands that have bounced back after filing for bankruptcy.

Bankruptcy often marks the end of a company — but not always.

While corporate bankruptcies have been on the rise in recent years, some brands have used the process to rebuild.

Chapter 11 protections mean that declaring bankruptcy doesn't necessarily signal the end of a company.

With the right restructuring strategy, brands can get back on their feet and emerge from bankruptcy stronger than ever.

Here are 10 household names that used the bankruptcy process to restructure their debt and get back into the black.

Marvel filed for bankruptcy in 1996 and dominated the silver screen a decade later.
marvel studios kevin feige

Marvel Entertainment filed for bankruptcy in 1996, citing declining comic book sales. After merging with Toy Biz and selling film rights to characters like Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four, the company managed to regain its footing.

Disney purchased Marvel for $4 billion in 2009, and its Avengers franchise has become a cash cow for the House of Mouse.

Converse filed for bankruptcy before being bought out by Nike.
Converse shoes

Faced with rising debts and a falling stock price, Converse filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001. Sold at auction, Converse's new owners tapped a former North Face executive to revive the brand, eventually selling to Nike for $1.9 billion in 2003.

Delta Air Lines filed for bankruptcy in 2005 and spent a year and a half restructuring.
Delta Airlines

Delta exited bankruptcy in 2007 after cutting 6,000 jobs and reducing labor costs by $1 billion. By maximizing use of its Atlanta hub, expanding its international reach, and cutting costs, the company bounced back.

Six Flags filed for bankruptcy in 2009 and eliminated its debt a year later.
six flags great america roller coaster

Six Flags eliminated $1 billion in debt in 2010 by offering bondholders ownership of the company. The amusement park chain went on to post nine straight years of record revenue, and in 2024, the company merged with former rival Cedar Fair.

It seemed like Hostess was closing for good in 2012, but the beloved brand is back.
hostess comeback
CEO of Hostess Brands Dean Metropoulos speaks at a ceremony marking the return of "Twinkies" at a plant in Schiller Park, Illinois, July 15, 2013. The Twinkie returned to production after the Hostess's snack cake brand was purchased earlier this year by buyout firms Apollo Global Management and Metropoulos & Co.

Hostess filed for bankruptcy protection in 2012, and it seemed like the end of Twinkies, Ho Hos, and Ring Dings.

The company was bought by a private equity firm in 2015, which invested $375 million in the company, took it public, and reduced costs, bringing the classic Americana pieces back to store shelves.

The comeback captured the attention of J.M. Smucker Co., which completed an acquisition in 2023.

American Airlines was profitable three years after declaring bankruptcy.
American Airlines

American Airlines filed for bankruptcy in 2011 and spent the next several years reducing its workforce and restructuring its business. After merging with US Airways, the company returned to profitability in 2014 and has largely managed to stay in the black, aside from during the COVID-19 pandemic.

General Motors filed for bankruptcy at the height of the Great Financial Crisis.
FILE PHOTO: Engines assembled as they make their way through the assembly line at the General Motors (GM) manufacturing plant in Spring Hill, Tennessee, U.S. August 22, 2019. REUTERS/Harrison McClary/File Photo
FILE PHOTO: Engines assembled as they make their way through the assembly line at the General Motors (GM) manufacturing plant in Spring Hill

When GM filed for bankruptcy in 2009, the US government spent $50 billion to bail it out and save autoworkers' jobs. The Treasury Department said in 2013 that the moves ultimately lost about $11.2 billion, but that the alternative would have been much worse.

The lifeline for GM helped the company transform into one of the world's best-run car companies and has contributed to the revitalization of Detroit.

Betsey Johnson filed for bankruptcy and closed all 63 stores in 2012 before relaunching her fashion brand.
betsey johnson
Designer Betsey Johnson, left, is joined on the runway by her daughter Lulu Johnson after the Betsey Johnson Spring 2013 collection show during Fashion Week, Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2012, in New York.

Betsey Johnson had planned a massive expansion during the 2008 financial crisis. Instead, the company ended up $4 million in debt.

After filing for bankruptcy, the brand was acquired by Steve Madden in 2010, and Johnson has since revamped her fashion line to focus on lower-priced items to be sold in department stores.

Hooters filed for bankruptcy in 2025 and was sold back to a group that included the chain's founders.
A Hooters restaurant is seen on February 24 in Pembroke Pines, Florida.
Hooters filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on Monday.

Chicken-wing and skimpy-uniform restaurant chain Hooters filed for Chapter 11 protection in March and emerged several months later under a deal with the company's original founders to "re-Hooterize" the brand.

At Home's CEO said exiting bankruptcy represents 'an exciting new beginning.'
People walk toward an At Home store.
At Home.

Texas-based housewares chain At Home filed for Chapter 11 protection in June and emerged in October with $2 billion less in debt, $500 million in exit financing, and a new ownership agreement among a group of its lenders.

CEO Brad Weston said the chapter now represents "an exciting new beginning."

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Friday, November 28, 2025

Here's how to stretch your FSA/HSA dollars further on Black Friday to save on glasses, fitness trackers, skincare, and more

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FSA/HSA Black Friday

If you've been setting aside money in an HSA or FSA all year, Black Friday is one of the smartest times to spend it. Not only is the clock ticking on many FSA accounts (which expire at the end of the year), but we're seeing major savings on genuinely useful health and wellness products from brands that accept HSA/FSA payment. That means you can use your pre-tax dollars to score deals on everything from smart rings to acne-fighting skincare.

You can generally use your HSA/FSA on anything considered medically necessary — products that help diagnose, treat, prevent, or manage a health condition. It also includes first-aid supplies, menstrual care products, sunscreen, skincare for acne or eczema, and even certain fitness wearables. This sale season, we're already seeing big discounts at some of the best places to buy glasses online using insurance and contacts, as well as 30% off the Oura Ring 4, the best smart ring we've tested, and $100 off one of our favorite red light therapy masks, the Therabody TheraFace Mask.

While select wellness brands accept HSA/FSA payment directly at checkout, HSA Store and FSA Store are two of the best websites to shop without any hassle.

One note: There's a big category of items classified as "personal care" rather than medical necessities — electric toothbrushes, fitness trackers, vitamins, and supplements — that your doctor can write you a Letter of Medical Necessity (LMN) for, and your insurance will then reimburse you for the purchase. If you're eyeing something like a fancy air purifier to help with your allergies, it's worth looking into (check out our best Black Friday deals page for some great snags).

Below, we've rounded up the best HSA/FSA Black Friday deals on eligible products that don't require a doctor's note — and yes, we confirmed the eligibility of all the retailers included on our list.

For more shopping tips, check out our roundup of the best Black Friday deals our team has found so far.

Best FSA/HSA-eligible health deals

Some of the most practical ways to use your FSA or HSA money are also the least glamorous, which makes Black Friday the perfect time to grab those essentials at a discount.

Just remember: There are plenty of health products that the IRS considers "personal care items," but that you can get reimbursed for if you obtain a Letter of Medical Necessity (LMN) from your doc or dentist. This includes some of the best air purifiers, electric toothbrushes, and certain supplements.

What is included: Health tools such as OTC medications, first-aid kits, COVID-19 tests, blood pressure monitors, and even health-supporting foods like Bōndia Bone Health Capsules. Some brands, like Canopy (a humidifier and air purifier maker), also accept HSA/FSA directly at checkout. Big or small, these are the health tools worth stocking up on while they're marked down.

Best FSA/HSA-eligible skincare deals

Skincare is one of the most surprising categories you can spend HSA/FSA money on — especially if your routine includes products that treat acne, calm eczema, or — as everyone should — protect against sun damage.

This includes salicylic acid cleansers, scar treatments, and science-backed SPF from brands like La Roche-Posa, Medik8, and Supergoop. Plus, devices like red light therapy masks and wands — scientifically shown to help treat acne, skin discoloration, and fine lines — are often covered. While aesthetic products don't count, if it's designed to treat a skin condition, there's a good chance it qualifies.

And this year, we're seeing big markdowns at Dermstore, Sephora, and Ulta, in addition to many brand websites, like Solawave's Buy 1 Get 1 Free promo.

Best FSA/HSA-eligible vision deals

If you wear glasses or contacts, this is one of the easiest ways to use up leftover FSA or HSA funds before the deadline.

Prescription eyewear is fully covered, and that includes designer frames, daily contacts, and even prescription sunglasses. Retailers like Warby Parker, LensCrafters, EyeBuyDirect, and Zenni all accept HSA/FSA, and many are offering sitewide Black Friday discounts right now. GlassesUSA, for example, is running 30-40% of name-brand and designer eyewear, including Ray-Ban, Oakley, Costa Del Mar, Versace, and Coach. Meanwhile, 1-800-Contacts has 20% off orders for Black Friday.

Read our full guide on where to buy glasses online using insurance for an in-depth list of top-tested sites that accept HSA/FSA for eyewear.

Best FSA/HSA-eligible personalized health deals

One of the smartest ways to use your FSA or HSA is to invest in health services you wouldn't normally get through your primary care provider. Platforms like InsideTracker now offer comprehensive blood panel insights — either as one-time purchases or an ongoing subscription. Their science-backed tools will deliver personalized insights into everything from heart health to inflammation levels to gut health, plus long-term strategies to optimize your health and longevity.

Many of these services are HSA/FSA-eligible and rarely go on sale, but right now, you can save 50% on all blood tests at InsideTracker.

Best FSA/HSA-eligible recovery and pain relief deals

If you're dealing with chronic pain, muscle soreness, or post-injury rehab, your HSA or FSA can go a long way toward making recovery more manageable—and comfortable.

Therabody and Hyperice, two of our favorite recovery tech brands, accept HSA/FSA payment for many of its massage guns, compression boots, and heated therapy masks. (We particularly love the new Theragin Mini Plus with its heat-enhanced percussive therapy, currently $40 off.) You'll also find cold plunges (hydrotherapy), trigger point therapy devices, and inflammation-fighting red light therapy mats deeply discounted this Black Friday — and fully eligible without a doctor's note.

Best FSA/HSA-eligible health and fitness wearables deals

Fitness trackers and health wearables are some of the most exciting — and often overlooked — ways to spend your HSA or FSA money.

Keep in mind a lot of the best fitness trackers like Garmin and Fitbit are eligible for reimbursement if you obtain a LMN from your doctor or fill out a quick health assessment on the brand's website.

But many of our favorite health-enhancing wearables, including the best smart ring we've tested, the Oura Ring 4, smart scales, and heart rate monitors are already HSA/FSA eligible — and on sale for Black Friday. Of note: the Whoop MG Life membership, which includes a medically-advanced fitness and heart-health tracker and provides insights into your longevity, is currently $60 off.

FAQs

Should I use my FSA/HSA dollars during Black Friday?

Yes, Black Friday is one of the best times to use your FSA/HSA dollars since we see deep discounts on eligible health, wellness, and medical products and your FSA money disappears after the year-end deadline.

Where can I spend my FSA/HSA dollars?

More places than you think. Many health-focused brands accept HSA/FSA as payment for eligible items directly on their site, and many major retailers like Amazon, Target, Sephora, and CVS all have HSA/FSA-eligible pages on their sites as well.

What are the best items to buy using FSA/HSA dollars?

The best items to buy with your FSA/HSA funds are items that will improve your health in some way, including a smart ring to track your biometrics, prescription glasses to help you see better, or pain-relieving tools like massage guns or red light therapy panels. It's really about what improves you need in your life and body.

Shopping for more discounts today? Check out more of our Black Friday coverage.

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I've been a military spouse for 7 years. It's harder than I ever could've imagined.

Author Allie Hubers and her partner in college
I've been married to an Air Force officer for years, and I never could've imagined how challenging and unpredictable our life would be.
  • I never could've imagined how challenging and unpredictable life would be as a military spouse.
  • Deployments are so hard, we miss living near family, and we hate constantly saying bye to friends.
  • We've learned to appreciate the present while also giving ourselves grace for the path we chose.

Telling a military spouse, "You signed up for this," is one of the most dismissive things you can say.

In reality, no one and nothing can prepare you for life as an active-duty spouse.

I met my husband in college when he was a cadet in the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), and from the start, we shared big dreams of building a life together.

I watched him work hard to earn a highly coveted pilot training slot in college, and eventually commission as an Air Force officer one week before our wedding.

Since then, we've lived in three homes and moved across the country for his job. Between deployments, monthslong trainings, and multiple moves, our life feels anything but normal.

I thought I knew what to expect from this lifestyle, but I was wrong.

Though we've met lifelong friends and made the most of our active-duty life, being a military spouse has been harder than I could've imagined.

I wasn't prepared for how brutal deployments would be

Author Allie Hubers kissing husband in front of red, white, and blue balloons
Deployments have been the worst part. It's tough to go from having him be a constant presence in our home to just seeing him for a few short minutes on FaceTime each day.

My husband has deployed a few times, and it's one of the hardest things I've had to go through.

During deployment, it felt like our home was drained of the life and love that he brings to it. My world seemed to stand still, and I had to slowly and painfully learn how to navigate life without him.

Milestones, both big and small, were reduced to messages and phone calls. I remember tearfully breaking the news of my grandpa's passing on the phone, aching for us to be together to grieve.

The pain of deployments lingers far beyond the actual time apart. The emotional weight begins months before you say goodbye with daunting tasks like drafting wills and arranging life insurance.

Few people mention the challenges of post-deployment reintegration and navigating how to piece back your life to a sense of normality.

We deeply miss living close to family

Author Allie Hubers, husband, and two dogs looking at sunset
We're constantly juggling my husband's vacation time between holidays, trips, family emergencies, and weddings.

We're very close to our families in the Midwest, and it's heartbreaking to watch life continue back home without us.

Though we prioritize returning to the Midwest for holidays and weddings, we still miss the smaller milestones. With each visit, we notice our parents and grandparents quietly aging, and it's painful to feel so far away.

In moments when our families need support, the distance can be stifling and leave us feeling helpless.

Saying goodbye to friends hasn't gotten easier

In the military, friends quickly become family as you bond over shared experiences and a mutual understanding of military life.

Over the past seven years, we've formed some of our closest friendships through the military, but saying goodbye hasn't gotten any easier.

I've sobbed into my best friend's shoulder as we parted ways before her overseas move. My husband and I have stood on countless driveways, watching our friends' moving trucks come and go.

We've held back tears while helping our friends pack their home into stacked boxes.

As a military spouse, finding your support system and starting over can be exhausting. The more I say goodbye to friends, the less enthusiastic I am about making new ones.

However, one silver lining is having friends scattered around the globe to visit — and there's always a chance we could get stationed together again.

Our life rarely feels like it's in our control

Boxes, totes piled in garage
We've had to move several times.

My husband might have signed on the dotted line for his contract, but the military affects both of us. As a military spouse, you give up some of your own freedom to support your partner's service and commitment.

Even simple things, like planning a quick weekend trip or attending a wedding, require prior approval. Travel must always be authorized, and without that approval, it's considered an unexcused absence with serious consequences.

Our lives can also change with very little notice. Though we can share our preferences, ultimately, the military's needs take priority.

We've built a life we love here in Florida, but there's always uncertainty looming about what our future holds.

We're trying to give grace to our younger selves

Author Allie Hubers hugging husband in airport
We've learned to give ourselves grace for making life-altering decisions while still being young and naive.

My husband committed to ROTC at 19 years old, just a few months before we met. Later in college, he received his dream assignment to train to be an active-duty pilot. He gleefully accepted his admission — and everything that comes with it.

In reality, it's hard to grasp what a 10-year military commitment really entails as a college kid.

We dreamed of a life filled with adventure and travel. And while some of that has been true, we've also experienced the weight of sacrifice and uncertainty that we didn't fully anticipate.

In many ways, we were young and naive, and it's OK to admit life looks different than we envisioned.

Over the years, my husband and I have learned to live more in the present, appreciate the precious time we have with family, and worry less about the future.

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Thursday, November 27, 2025

I was a senior director of GenAI at Meta. I have 4 tips for breaking into AI — including whether you need a Ph.D.

Devi Parikh smiling
Parikh quit her job as a senior director of GenAI at Meta in 2024.
  • Devi Parikh is a former senior director of generative AI at Meta, and the co-CEO of an AI startup.
  • She has a Ph.D., but said you don't need one to do cutting-edge AI work.
  • Seeing ideas through to the end has been instrumental to her success in the industry, she said.

This as-told-to essay is based on a conversation with 41-year-old Devi Parikh, who lives in San Francisco. The following has been edited for length and clarity.

The seed of my passion for AI was planted in the early 2000s when I studied electrical and computer engineering at college. I was exposed to a type of machine learning called pattern recognition.

In 2009, I completed a Ph.D. in computer vision at Carnegie Mellon — well before the current excitement around LLMs and generative AI. But we had the same goal: make machines more intelligent.

Next, I moved into research and teaching roles, and in 2016, I spent a year as a research scientist at Facebook AI Research, or FAIR. Following that, I'd spend my springs and summers at FAIR in Menlo Park, California, and my falls teaching computer vision at Georgia Tech.

Over time, I enjoyed Meta more than my professorship, and I transitioned to a full-time role in 2021, eventually becoming a senior director of GenAI.

In 2024, I left Meta to start an AI company called Yutori, alongside my husband and our friend.

Here's what I've learned about getting into and succeeding in AI after over 15 years in the industry.

1) Don't assume you need a Ph.D. to do cutting-edge AI work

Professor and research scientist roles in AI might list a Ph.D. as a requirement, but there are other cutting-edge jobs in this space.

There are good reasons to do a Ph.D, like if you want to work in academia or explore certain ideas. But if your end goal is doing interesting AI work and learning how the sausage is made, you could spend those five to six years at startups or big labs instead.

You can also try side projects, making use of open source code and online communities to get your hands dirty.

If you keep putting in the time and effort to whatever you're doing, you'll be able to stand out, and you'll also have learned a bunch of skills along the way.

I think the perception that a Ph.D is necessary in this industry has changed over time. We don't take them into consideration much when hiring at Yutori, where we're trying to build AI agents that can help people with digital chores, like looking for apartments or buying headphones.

Parikh posing with the other two founders of Yutori.
The co-founders of Yutori (From left to right: Abhishek Das, Devi Parikh, and Dhruv Batra)

Instead, we look for people with relevant experience, such as in training models, and how candidates perform in technical interviews involving coding problems and system design questions.

2) Keep your professional identity flexible

Between 2011 and 2013, there was a "deep learning wave," when the AI community began to realize the effectiveness of deep neural networks.

Some fellow researchers tied their identity to the tools they had worked with and were hesitant to transition to deep models, even though it was clear they worked much better for the problems we were addressing.

This field evolves rapidly, and if evidence tells you new tools work better, don't hold onto your past tool set. Holding on to your professional identity, such as by seeing yourself only as an academic, can also be detrimental.

I also learned not to hold on to research areas. I worked on computer vision during my Ph.D, then multimodal problems, and later generative models for images and videos. At the time, I didn't know ChatGPT was coming, and that generative AI would suddenly become a high priority in tech. If I'd held onto my identity as a computer vision researcher without exploring these other things, I would've missed out on opportunities.

3) Pursue your genuine interests, not what you think you should do

On paper, my job at Meta was amazing, and you probably wouldn't leave it to start a company if you were being strategic about moving up in your career, and knew the success rate of startups.

It may be unclear whether an opportunity is the right move strategically, but I find it easy to put time and effort into things I think will be fun, and produce better quality work that gets recognized.

4) Follow through on ideas

Seeing things through to the end — 100%, not 95% — may be the single most important thing that's helped me stand out and achieve what I have.

For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, I started a series on YouTube called "Humans of AI," where I interviewed around 20 AI researchers in my network about their daily habits, strengths, and insecurities. I thought seeing the human side of the AI researchers we put on a pedestal would show folks in the community they could have a similar level of impact.

People loved it, and it made me more visible. I've met people at conferences who might not have known about my research, but saw the series.

Many people are excited 20 or 30% into the execution of their ideas, then their interest tapers off, leaving behind a bunch of unfinished projects. If you haven't seen something through to the end, it can't have its impact or lead you to the next thing.

If there's something you'd like to do, just go do it, instead of overanalyzing and not taking steps forward.

Do you have a story to share about building a career in AI? Contact this reporter at ccheong@businessinsider.com.

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Wednesday, November 26, 2025

Photos show how Air Force One has changed through the years

Air Force One with President Donald Trump on board arrives at Miami International Airport, Thursday, April 3, 2025, in Miami.
Air Force One
  • Any Air Force plane carrying a US president is called Air Force One.
  • President John F. Kennedy was the first to use a jet designed specifically for a US president.
  • President Donald Trump accepted a luxury jet from Qatar that could serve as a new Air Force One.

Nicknamed the "flying Oval Office," Air Force One has long functioned as the president's flying command center, office, and private quarters.

Since the mid-20th century, US presidents have flown on special planes designated "Air Force One" while carrying out their official duties.

The modern Air Force One is equipped with everything the president might need, including office spaces, two kitchens, a stateroom with sleeping quarters, and a fully functional operating room.

A new Air Force One jet, a Boeing 747-8 donated by the Qatari royal family and accepted by President Donald Trump in May, could bring a new level of luxury to the presidential plane.

Here's how the design of Air Force One has changed through the years.

Before presidents traveled on jet planes, the first-ever aircraft built for US presidents was a Douglas VC-54C Skymaster.
The Douglas VC-54C known as "Sacred Cow."
The Douglas VC-54C known as "Sacred Cow."

Nicknamed "Sacred Cow," the aircraft operated from 1944 to 1961, flying Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman.

It featured an elevator shaft for Roosevelt's wheelchair, an executive conference room with a bulletproof window, and an electric refrigerator, which was a rare luxury for planes built in the 1940s.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower was the first president to travel on a jet aircraft in 1959.
Air Force One taking off in 1959.
Air Force One taking off from Heathrow Airport, at the end of President Eisenhower's state visit to the United Kingdom, 2nd September 1959

Eisenhower's Boeing 707 Stratoliner, nicknamed "Queenie," featured a section for telecommunications, room for 40 passengers, a conference area, and a stateroom.

John F. Kennedy was the first to use a jet specifically designed for the US president, known as SAM 26000.
Pilots in the cockpit of Air Force One during John F Kennedy's presidency
President John F. Kennedy's pilot, Col. James B. Swindal, left, and Maj. Lewis Hanson, co-pilot, check Air Force One's cockpit before a presidential take-off from Andrews Air Force Base, 14 miles from the White House, May 13, 1963. The 600-mile-an-hour jet, Kennedy's most often-used plane, contains a living room, bedroom, bath and kitchen - and "The Button" of nuclear war which goes wherever the president goes.

SAM 26000, a customized and modified version of a civilian 707-320B airliner, was known as a Boeing VC-137C. It included a living room, bedroom, bathroom, and kitchen.

Raymond Loewy designed the plane's blue-and-white exterior.
Jackie Kennedy lands in Texas in 1963.
US President John F. Kennedy (1917 - 1963, second from left) and First Lady, Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy (1929 - 1994), arrive at Brooks Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas, November 21, 1963. The President was assassinated in Dallas the following day. Air Force One is in the background.

The plane's design featured an American flag on the tail and presidential seals on the nose.

After Kennedy's assassination in 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in on board the SAM 26000 known as Air Force One.
Lyndon Johnson takes the oath of office aboard Air Force One after the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
In the aftermath of the assasination of US President John F. Kennedy, American politician and Vice-President Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908 - 1973) takes the oath of office to become the 36th President of the United States as he is sworn in by US Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes (1896 - 1985) (left) on the presidential aircraft, Air Force One, Dallas, Texas, November 22, 1963. Kennedy's widow, Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy (later Onassis) stands beside him at right.

It marked the first and only time a presidential swearing-in ceremony took place on an airplane.

Johnson met with Cabinet members on the presidential aircraft in 1966 in a small seating area.
Lyndon Johnson meets with members of his Cabinet on Air Force One.
(Original Caption) Los Angeles, CA.: President Lyndon Johnson (R), confers with Vice-President Hubert Humphrey & cabinet members aboard Air Force One. L-R: Robert McNamara, Sec. Defense; Humphrey; Dean Rusk, sec. State; John Gardner, Sec. Health; Alexis Johnson, Sec. Deputy State; Maxwell Taylor, US Ambassador-Vietnam; & David Bell, AID director.

The small alcove was decorated with a globe decal on the wall and curtains lining the windows.

In 1972, Richard Nixon was the first president to use a Boeing 707 plane with the tail number 27000 as Air Force One.
President Nixon in a meeting on Air Force One.
Standing behind the bar aboard Air Force One, President Richard Nixon speaks with military and civilian leaders while flying from Bangkok to Saigon for a short visit with commanders and troops stationed in Vietnam.

Nixon stood behind the plane's bar while meeting with military and civilian leaders en route to Vietnam.

When President Gerald Ford took office after Nixon resigned, seats in the rear cabin were upholstered with striped fabric.
President Gerald Ford speaks to reporters on Air Force One.
(Original Caption) 1974 President Gerald Ford holds a mini news conference aboard Air Force One with pool reporters 10/19. Ford was enroute from Louisville, Kentucky to Washington D.C., after speaking at a fund raising dinner for Republican U.S. Senator Marlow Cook.

Presidents would occasionally make their way back to the rear cabin to chat with reporters.

Ford's office, just off the stateroom, also featured striped furniture.
Gerald Ford with a photographer on Air Force One.
ATLANTA, GA. - FEBRUARY 4: (NO U.S. TABOID SALES) Onboard Air Force One, President Ford poses with Candice Bergen, who was on a photo assignment for Ladies' Home Journal February 4, 1975 in Atlanta, Georgia . More than sixty photographers had turns at exclusive access to President Ford during his time in office, but none created a bigger stir than the famous Ms.Bergen, who was also the first female photographer to shoot a behind-the-scenes story on an American president.

Ford is pictured with Candice Bergen, the first female photographer to shoot a behind-the-scenes story on an American president.

President Jimmy Carter outfitted the press area with blue carpeting.
Jimmy Carter is interviewed on Air Force One.
(Original Caption) 1978 President Carter is interviewed aboard Air Force One by the Pres during the return leg of the European Trip.

Carter talked to reporters on his way back from a trip to Europe in 1978.

President Ronald Reagan used 27000 as his primary presidential aircraft.
Ronald Reagan with staff aboard Air Force One.
On board Air Force One , from left, American politician and US Secretary of State George P Shultz and National Security Advisor-designate Robert McFarlane, listen to US President Ronald Reagan (1911 - 2004) , October 23, 1983.Their conversation concerned ongoing issues in Beirut.

In 1983, Reagan met with Secretary of State George P. Shultz and the national-security advisor designate Robert McFarlane in a meeting space that featured a magazine rack, teal chair, wood-grain table, and photos of him and the first lady, Nancy Reagan.

Reagan also hung pictures of himself in Air Force One's rear cabin.
Ronald Reagan aboard Air Force One.
(Original Caption) Los Angeles, CA.: President Reagan With Reporters. President Ronald Reagan, in the rear cabin aboard Air Force One, chats with reporters on his way from Washington to California, 12/27, for a week's vacation. Reagan was asked if he was making any resolutions for the coming year. He chuckled and replied, "Yes. Not to make any New Year's resolutions." When the questioning began to turn serious, he held up his hand and said, "no questions until next year." 1981

The photos showed Reagan toasting with a champagne glass and waving while boarding Air Force One.

New blue-striped curtains matched the blue carpeting and furniture in another meeting area.
Ronald Reagan on Air Force One.
President Ronald Reagan confers with Chief of Staff Donald Regan and Robert McFarlane aboard Air Force One.

The meeting room also included a television set.

In 1990, George H. W. Bush began using new Boeing 747 planes with tail numbers 28000 and 29000 as Air Force One.
The presidential office of Air Force One in 1990.
The presidential office of Air Force One, the President of the United States' official air transport, 27th September 1990.

The presidential office was updated with a stately desk, gray carpeting, and leather chairs.

The staff and secretarial area was decorated with neutral whites and grays.
The staff area of Air Force One in 1990.
The staff and secretarial area of Air Force One, the President of the United States' official air transport, 27th September 1990.

The staff area featured plenty of phones for official business. Air Force One is also known as the "flying Oval Office."

The new plane's annex could also be configured for medical use.
Chairs facing each other in the Annex of Air Force One
The Annex of Air Force One, the President of the United States' official air transport, in executive configuration, 27th September 1990. It can be converted for medical usage.

The annex is pictured in executive configuration, with seating for meetings.

The new planes featured over 4,000 square feet of space, which President Bill Clinton often used to hold meetings.
Bill Clinton meets with staff on Air Force One.
GRAND FORKS, UNITED STATES: US President Bill Clinton (L) and Federal Emergency Management Administration Director James Lee Witt (2nd-L), meet 22 April with a delegation from North and South Dakota Aboard Air Force One on the way to Grand Forks Air Force Base in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Clinton will tour the flooded town of Grand Forks by helicopter and then address area residents at the air base. Most of the 50,000 residents of Grand Forks have been evacuated from their homes because of the worst flooding this area has ever seen.

Clinton met with a delegation from North and South Dakota in 1997 to address flooding in the area.

In the guest area, Clinton's Air Force One featured tan chairs and blue carpeting.
Bill Clinton meets with staff on Air Force One.
ABOARD AIR FORCE ONE,- OCTOBER 1: US President Bill Clinton (R) discusses nuclear waste management with senators Richard Bryan, D-NV (L), Max Baucus, D-MT (2nd L) and Harry Reid, D-Nev (2nd R) 01 October 1999 aboard Air Force One.

Clinton met with members of Congress to discuss nuclear-waste management in 1999.

President George W. Bush flew 27000 one last time in August 2001 before it was retired to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
George W. Bush and Laura Bush on Air Force One.
393980 02: US President George W. Bush and first lady Laura Bush sit aboard Air Force One as the plane flies over Texas August 29, 2001 on their return to Waco, Texas. Bush's roundtrip flightfrom Waco to San Antonio was the last mission for Air Force One, a Boeing 707. The jet was President Reagan's primary aircraft and will be retired to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, CA

The plane flew 444 missions and logged over 1 million miles, according to the Bush White House.

When the World Trade Center and Pentagon were attacked on September 11, 2001, the Secret Service kept Bush in the air aboard the new Air Force One.
George W. Bush talks on the phone and staffers huddle aboard Air Force One.
President George W. Bush talks on the telephone Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2001, as senior staff huddle in his office aboard Air Force One.

Bush insisted on returning to Washington, but the Secret Service refused since they were unsure if more attacks were coming.

In a 2016 interview with Politico, Bush's assistant White House press secretary Gordon Johndroe described Air Force One that day as "the safest and most dangerous place in the world at the exact same time."

Bush conferred with his chief of staff, Andy Card, in the stateroom, designed by Nancy Reagan.
President George W. Bush talks with his chief of staff aboard Air Force One.
President George W. Bush confers with White House Chief of Staff Andy Card Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2001, in the President's stateroom aboard Air Force One.

The president's suite included a small bed, a couch and carpeting in light pink, and a desk with a brown leather chair.

Bush walked down a hallway arm-in-arm with Harriet Miers, the assistant to the president and staff secretary.
George W. Bush on Air Force One.
President George W. Bush and Harriet Miers Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2001, aboard Air Force One.

The hallway was lined with a beige couch with side tables and lamps on either side.

When President Barack Obama took office in 2009, Air Force One's conference room had been updated with a TV screen and leather chairs.
Barack Obama sits around a table with staff on Air Force One
IN FLIGHT - APRIL 5: In this handout provide by the White House, U.S. President Barack Obama (L) talks with his staff aboard Air Force One during the flight from Prague, Czech Republic en route to Ankara, Turkey on April 5, 2009 in flight. Obama is serving as the 44th President of the U.S. and the first African-American to be elected to the office of President in the history of the United States.

The plane has 85 phone lines as well as encryption and scrambling devices to ensure secure communication, CNBC reported.

On the other side of the conference room, a decal that read "Air Force One" was displayed on wood paneling.
Barack Obama speaks on the phone in a conference room on Air Force One.
President Barack Obama talks on the phone with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel aboard Air Force One during the flight to Louisville, Ky., April 2, 2015. With the President, from left, are Personal Aide Joe Paulsen and Colin Kahl, National Security Advisor to the Vice President.

Food and drinks are provided by the plane's galley kitchen.

The plane's senior staff room featured more phones, a coat closet, and leather chairs.
President Barack Obama meets with staff on Air Force One.
President Barack Obama talks with Chief of Staff Jack Lew, former President Bill Clinton, Justin Cooper, David Axelrod, and Senior Advisor David Plouffe aboard Air Force One en route to Manchester, N.H., Sunday, Nov. 4, 2012.

Obama met with his chief of staff, Jack Lew, his senior advisors David Axelrod and David Plouffe, and former President Bill Clinton in the senior staff room in 2012.

The presidential office furniture was also updated, with mahogany chairs and sofas replacing the gray.
Barack Obama aboard Air Force One.
President Barack Obama meets with, from left, Secretary of State John Kerry; National Security Advisor Susan E. Rice; Phil Gordon, White House Coordinator for the Middle East, North Africa, and the Gulf Region; and Ben Rhodes, Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategic Communications, in his office aboard Air Force One during the flight to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, March 28, 2014.

The carpeting was updated to a subtle star pattern, which also appeared in the conference room.

The plane's guest section was reserved for special visitors like members of Congress.
Barack Obama on Air Force One.
President Barack Obama talks with the Congressional delegation aboard Air Force One April 19, 2009, during the flight from Port of Spain, Trinidad to Andrews AFB, following the Summit of the Americas. Participants include: Rep. Nydia Velazquez, Sen. Max Baucus. and Rep. Sam Farr, right. (Official White House Photo by Pete Souza)

The chairs featured a subtle polka-dot pattern, and the tables folded down to make more space.

The rear cabin for press looked like a standard commercial airliner.
Barack Obama briefing reporters on Air Force One
US President Barack Obama arrives to brief traveling journalists on board Air Force One on April 28, 2010. Obama met more Americans yet to feel the nascent economic recovery, on a heartland tour to fire up the Democratic campaign to avoid a drubbing in November's mid-term elections.

Journalists can wander the rear cabin freely, but they aren't allowed to walk forward to speak to the president — the president has to come back to them.

President Donald Trump proposed new paint colors for the exterior of Air Force One in 2019.
President Donald Trump's proposed paint scheme for Air Force One.
WASHINGTON, DC - JUNE 20: A model of the proposed paint scheme of the next generation of Air Force One is on display during a meeting between U.S. President Donald Trump and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in the Oval Office of the White House June 20, 2019 in Washington, DC. The two leaders were expected to discuss the trade agreement between the U.S., Canada and Mexico.

As part of the Air Force's Presidential Aircraft Recapitalization program to update Air Force One planes, Trump proposed a red, white, and navy-blue color scheme for the new models.

The Air Force ultimately rejected Trump's darker color scheme because it would have been more costly and caused overheating issues.
Air Force One
Los Angeles, CA - February 03: United States President Joe Biden and First Lady Jill Biden land safely aboard Air Force One at LAX in Los Angeles on Saturday February 3, 2024. The President is in town to meet with leaders of the Black entertainment industry and secure their vote in his re-election campaign.

Instead, President Joe Biden selected a baby-blue color scheme similar to the current model.

The new VC-25B Air Force One planes are expected to be ready by 2027, according to the Air Force. The long-delayed project has already cost Boeing over $2 billion due to various manufacturing and supply-chain issues.

In Biden's Air Force One, the conference room had the same star carpeting as the plane's presidential office.
Joe Biden on Air Force One.
President Joe Biden meets with Director of Communications Kate Bedingfield, Counselor to the President and COVID-19 Response Coordinator Jeff Zients and Press Secretary Jen Psaki in the conference room on Tuesday, Feb. 16, 2021, prior to disembarking Air Force One at General Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Plain beige carpeting continued down the hallway.

The placard in the conference room was updated to read "Aboard Air Force One" with an image of the iconic aircraft.
Joe Biden sits at a table on Air Force One
President Joe Biden participates in a phone interview with Univision Friday, Feb. 26, 2021, aboard Air Force One en route to Houston.

Biden took his first overseas trip as president in June 2021, visiting Europe for the G7 summit.

In his second non-consecutive term, Trump renamed the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of America while flying above it on Air Force One.
Donald Trump renames the Gulf of Mexico as the Gulf of America aboard Air Force One.
US President Donald Trump speaking to press beside a large map that says "Gulf of America."

Trump signed a proclamation establishing the name change in his Air Force One office in February.

In May, the Trump administration accepted a gifted Boeing 747-8 jet from Qatar that could serve as the new Air Force One.
Qatari Boeing 747 parked at Palm Beach International airport.
Qatar is offering to give the US a Boeing 747 jet.

The luxurious plane previously functioned as a Qatari private business jet. It features a large primary bedroom with loveseats and an en-suite bathroom, guest bedrooms, office space, a dining room, and a salon lounge with plush couches.

White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt told reporters at a May briefing that the Qatari royal family donated the jumbo jet to the US Air Force and that it was being "retrofitted to the highest standards" to serve as Air Force One. Some estimates have put the cost of upgrading the jet for the office of the president at $1 billion, but the US Air Force secretary said in June it will cost less than $400 million to retrofit.

Trump, who has pressured Boeing to deliver its new Air Force One planes sooner and criticized the project's "failure" to complete them on time, said he'd be "stupid" to turn down the Qatari plane, worth an estimated $400 million. In July, he said the plane could be ready as soon as February 2026.

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